You will need a WIN card and fishing license. You need a WIN card first to buy any sort of hunting or fishing license. Then you need to follow the regulations. You can find out about all of this here. Read the whole site carefully. You have a year to study!:
http://www.albertaregulations.ca/fishingregs/
No, you don't need a boat to fish. Lots of good fishing from shore in lakes and rivers around Calgary and right in Calgary. You won't have to drive 100 miles. You can, but you don't need to.
I'll leave the rod and lure discussion to others.